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At Envigo we are committed to corporate social responsibility.
Envigo’s customers conduct research and develop products that have the potential to improve lives. But achieving this potential is becoming increasingly difficult.
We believe that for our customers to achieve their goals, they need to trust and be absolutely confident in the company they choose to help them with their research, products and services.
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Beyond our responsibility to customers, we are responsible to people, animals and the communities and environment in which we live. We are dedicated to assuring people that the products they use have been tested properly for safety and efficacy. We are committed to the highest levels of animal welfare. And we provide services that help develop new medicines, protect the environment and food supplies and make the world a healthier and safer place.
At Envigo, we exist to help our customers secure the potential of their research and develop products that enhance and enrich life.
Purified high fat diets used to induce obesity and obesity-related complications such as diabetes and metabolic syndrome typically have 40-60% of energy derived from fat. The diet tables below summarize relevant diet features for several Teklad custom research diets commonly used in rodent models.
Teklad also creates high-fat diets for other species, including pigs, primates, and dogs. Contact us to discuss the use of these diets or one that better meets your needs.
COMMONLY-USED DIET-INDUCED OBESITY (DIO) TEKLAD RODENT DIETS WITH 55-60% OF CALORIES FROM FAT
*Control diets can be designed in several ways, depending on what features the researcher wants to modify relative to the high-fat diet. These are just a few examples.
COMMONLY-USED DIET-INDUCED OBESITY (DIO) TEKLAD RODENT DIETS WITH 40-45% OF CALORIES FROM FAT
Diets with 55-60% of calories from fat like TD.06414 and TD.93075 are commonly used for inducing obesity in rodents. While considered extreme compared to typical human fat consumption, these diets are effective in initiating rapid weight gain in most rodents. With higher fat content there is less room for carbohydrate, thus the carbohydrate (particularly sucrose) amount is relatively low compared to other obesity inducing diets. If you are interested in high fat and high carbohydrate, look at diets with 40-45% of calories from fat (often referred to as western diets).
As the fat level increases, pellet quality (durability) is often compromised. Some higher fat formulas are available only in non-pelleted form or require specific carbohydrate, maltodextrin, for pelleting. Depending on the fat and carbohydrate sources used, the non-pelleted form could be dense and crumbly, dough-like, or paste-like. Though a little more challenging to work with, non-pelleted diet is still used by many researchers for diet-induced obesity models as these researchers suspect the softer form may enhance obesity development.
Diets with 40-45% of calories from fat, like TD.95217, TD.88137, TD.06415, and TD.08811, represent another popular diet pattern for diet-induced obesity work. These diets have double or triple the amount of sucrose found in higher fat diets. High levels of simple carbohydrate like sucrose and fructose may help to promote hypertriglyceridemia, insulin resistance, and fatty liver. Diets with a pattern of high sucrose and high saturated or trans fat are often referred to as “Western Diets” in obesity and cardiovascular fields. Some “Western Diets” have further modifications to the fatty acid profile or even specific vitamin and minerals adjustments to be even more closely matched to a Western Diet pattern. For specific fatty acid modifications, see examples on our fat/lipid adjusted diets page.
Many of the same diets used for inducing obesity in rodents can be used to enhance diabetes related phenotypes like insulin resistance and glucose intolerance. However, fasting hyperglycemia characteristic of diabetes (glucose > 200 mg/dL) is uncommon with a diet only approach. Pre-feeding a high fat diet to induce a certain level of obesity and insulin resistance and then giving low-dose streptozotocin (STZ) may be an effective approach if overt hyperglycemia is desired.
There are many options with different levels and types of fat in addition to different types of carbohydrate ranging from sucrose (highly refined, simple digestion) to corn starch (refined, but more complex) to resistant starch (refined, but not fully digestible). A very basic purified control diet would be AIN-93M (TD.94048) or AIN-93G (TD.94045). AIN-93 diets have a moderate amount of sucrose at ~10%, and fat is from soybean oil with a healthy fatty acid profile. Additional examples of controls for specific DIO diets can be found in the above tables.
Many researchers choose to compare their high fat fed animals to animals fed a natural ingredient, grain-based diet (also referred to as standard diets or chow). These diets differ in the source and level of nutrients as well as in the presence of non-nutritive factors (such as phytates or phytoestrogens). Depending on what your main comparisons are, it may be suitable to have a grain-based diet as your control/reference group. However, making such comparisons limits inferences to dietary patterns versus a specific dietary component.
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You may want to add some specific ingredients in your own facility. In that case, Envigo provides basal mixes that are, by design, a starting point for additional inclusions. When you choose a basal mix diet, you simply add any ingredient(s) in a specific proportion that your require. The nutrient levels in our basal mix are adjusted to account for the dilution of the added ingredient(s), so that the final complete diet contains the desired nutrient levels.
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The sodium content of natural ingredients such as corn, wheat, and soybean meal is low. Thus, these ingredients can be used to create a base diet that is sodium deficient. To this base diet, various amounts of sodium chloride salt (NaCl) can be added, and other ingredients adjusted slightly to maintain a relatively constant nutrient profile (with the exception of sodium and chloride).
Below are examples from a popular series of adjusted NaCl diets. Contact us for more information.
* When added to natural ingredient diets, these water soluble food dyes offer a slight color tint. More intense color can be achieved at higher inclusion rates.
Ask a nutritionist about additional salt concentrations or color options.
These diets are grain-based, with no animal derived ingredients, and have a background sodium content of approx. 0.01-0.02% and a background chloride content of approx. 0.06-0.07%. The selected nutrient content of the diets are as follows: approximately 19% protein, 5% fat, 3% crude fiber, 0.86% Ca, 0.64% P, 0.72% K, and 0.15% Mg.
NaCl adjusted diets are often fed to dahl salt-sensitive/resistant (rapp) inbred rats. These rats are maintained on Teklad traditional diet 7034 (0.12% NaCl) within maximum security production facilities.
For additional formulas of this nature, or for a purified sodium adjusted diet, please email us at askanutritionist@envigo.com.
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Running an effective research study requires reliable products and processes.
At Envigo, our quality assurance team is an integral part of delivering the consistent research models and services that you expect for your program.
Our curriculum ensures compliance with our policies as well as requirements set by AAALAC, IACUC and the USDA. To maintain our high standards, our quality assurance team is comprised of quality professionals with relevant industry certifications and credentials. In order to support our core value of animal welfare, and to optimize consistent, correct, and reliable research models for you, the provision of quality services within Research Models Services (RMS) is implemented within a framework that is closely aligned with the international standard, ISO 9001:2015.
Our quality assurance services include:
Core SOPs and document lifecycle control
Development of internal quality management systems, such as robust deviation and change management program
Continuous process improvement initiatives
Preventive controls including auditing services
Accurate data analytics through the use of TrackWise®, a leading complaint management system
Through the effective application of a risk-based quality management system and an internal continuous improvement process, we proactively monitor, track and remediate issues as they arise. This strategic method allows us to quickly take action and improve operational performance. Externally, we work with global regulatory authorities to verify that our operations, facilities and processes meet or exceed local and international standards.
With best practices identified and replicated across our global sites, we can offer high-quality research models and services that uphold our stringent quality assurance standards and our brand promise to enable your ongoing success.
Not all products are stocked locally; extended lead time and additional fees may apply. Many diets are available in certified format designated by a “C” following the product code. When diets are certified a representative sample is tested for a panel of contaminants. If not stocked as certified, certification can be made available upon request. Minimum order size and additional charges may apply.
Not all products are stocked locally; extended lead time and additional fees may apply. Many diets are available in certified format designated by a “C” following the product code. When diets are certified a representative sample is tested for a panel of contaminants. If not stocked as certified, certification can be made available upon request. Minimum order size and additional charges may apply.
Enrichment products enhance the welfare of research animals. Inotiv offers a number of enrichment products, making Inotiv your one-stop supplier for lab animal diets, bedding and enrichment.
Not all products are stocked locally; extended lead time and additional fees may apply. Many diets are available in certified format designated by a “C” following the product code. When diets are certified a representative sample is tested for a panel of contaminants. If not stocked as certified, certification can be made available upon request. Minimum order size and additional charges may apply.
A few mineral adjusted formulas are shown below. Please contact us for additional formulas of this nature or for more information about altering the mineral profile of a diet. Read below for more information.
Unique protein ingredients may be necessary to minimize background levels of certain minerals. Other steps taken to minimize background mineral contamination include the use of reagent grade minerals when necessary or omission of certain ingredients. Specialized mineral premixes may be used in these diets, or minerals are added individually to the diet in order to control the level of specific minerals.
With the exception of sodium, it is necessary to use refined ingredients to achieve the lowest possible levels of minerals in a diet.
From this mineral deficient base, various levels of minerals can be added back. Some formulas adjust multiple minerals, and other related nutrients.
Contact usto discuss other possibilities for the minerals listed above, and for those minerals not listed here.
Harlan is a leading provider of essential, pre-clinical and non-clinical contract research, research models, lab animal diets, and services. Our focus is on providing customers with products and services to optimize the discovery and safety of new medicines and compounds.
CA.170481
AIN-76A Purified Diet
AIN-76A 纯化饲料
50kg
询价
harlan
TD.94045
AIN-93G Purified Diet
AIN-93G 纯化饲料
50kg
询价
harlan
TD.94048
AIN-93M Purified Diet
AIN-93M 纯化饲料
50kg
询价
harlan
TD.94096
version of AIN-76A suitable for irradiation （vitamin levels are increased）
适合辐照的AIN-76A 饲料 维生素含量增加
50kg
询价
harlan
TD.97184
version of AIN-93G suitable for irradiation （vitamin levels are increased）
适合辐照的AIN-93G 饲料 维生素含量增加
50kg
询价
harlan
TD.00102
version of AIN-93M suitable for irradiation （vitamin levels are increased）
适合辐照的AIN-93M 饲料 维生素含量增加
50kg
询价
harlan
TD.95092
modification of AIN-93G where soybean oil is replaced with corn oil.
AIN-93G饲料 豆油改为玉米油
50kg
询价
harlan
TD.06414
Adjusted Calories Diet （60/Fat）
卡路里调控饲料 60%脂肪
50kg
询价
harlan
TD.06415
Adjusted Calories Diet （45/Fat）
卡路里调控饲料 45%脂肪
50kg
询价
harlan
TD.03584
35% Lard Diet （Adj., No C）
35%猪油饲料
50kg
询价
harlan
TD.93075
Adjusted Calories Diet （55/fat）
卡路里调控饲料 55%脂肪
50kg
询价
harlan
TD.95217
Adjusted Fat Diet
脂肪控饲料
50kg
询价
harlan
TD.96132
Adjusted Fat Diet
脂肪控饲料
50kg
询价
harlan
TD.88137
Adjusted Kcal Diet （42% from fat
大卡调控饲料 42%脂肪
50kg
询价
harlan
TD.08811
45% Kcal Fat Diet （21% MF, 2% SBO）
45%大卡脂肪饲料 42%脂肪
50kg
询价
harlan
TD.06416
Adjusted Calories Diet （10/Fat） （a possible control for TD.06415 & TD.06414 listed above）
卡路里调控饲料 10%脂肪
50kg
询价
harlan
TD.08810
Low Glycemic Control Diet
低血糖饲料
50kg
询价
harlan
TD.96355
Ketogenic Diet
生酮饲料
50kg
询价
harlan
TD.84224
Essential Fatty Acid Deficient Diet
必须氨基酸缺损饲料
50kg
询价
harlan
TD.88137
Adjusted Calories Diet （42% from fat）
卡路里调控饲料 42%脂肪
50kg
询价
harlan
TD.88051
Cocoa Butter and Purina Chow Diet
椰子油和Purina Chow饲料
50kg
询价
harlan
TD.90221
Cocoa Butter Diet with 75% Purina Mouse （5015）
50kg
询价
harlan
TD.94059
5015, Cocoa Butter, Chol., etc. （excludes cholate）
A few protein adjusted formulas are shown below. Please contact us for additional formulas of this nature or for more information about altering the protein type or content of a diet.
These diet examples are from a series of diets with the following features: casein-based, isocaloric (3.8 kcal/g) and matched for fat (5.5%), calcium (0.7%), and phosphorus (0.54%). There are other diets available from this series of diets, as well as other unique protein adjusted diets.
Casein is the most widely used refined protein source, but it is also possible to use other refined protein sources, such as “vitamin-free” test casein (alcohol extracted), lactalbumin, isolated soy protein, and egg white solids. These particular protein sources are usually used to achieve a specific research objective, rather than for routine use. For instance, vitamin-free test casein is most appropriately used in vitamin deficient diets, and egg white solids is most suitable for zinc or biotin deficient diets.
Adjusted protein diets usually range from “protein-free” (trace) to 60% protein, depending on the research.
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A few vitamin adjusted formulas are shown below. Please contact us for additional formulas of this nature or for more information about altering the vitamin profile of a diet, and please read below to learn more.
Most vitamin deficient diets use vitamin-free test casein (VFT casein) as the protein source. VFT casein is casein that has been extracted with denatured alcohol to reduce the fat content from about 1% to 0.1%. In the process the content of a number of vitamins (present at low or trace levels in casein) is further reduced, making this an ideal protein source for these types of diets. Envigo produces our own VFT in-house, and we also offer this as an ingredient for those mixing their own diets.
From this vitamin deficient base, various levels of vitamins can be added back. Many formulas adjust multiple vitamins, and other nutrients.
If use of an intact protein source is not advisable, an amino acid defined diet can be used.
Contact us for other formula examples or to discuss your specific needs.
Not all products are stocked locally; extended lead time and additional fees may apply. Many diets are available in certified format designated by a “C” following the product code. When diets are certified a representative sample is tested for a panel of contaminants. If not stocked as certified, certification can be made available upon request. Minimum order size and additional charges may apply.
A few amino acid defined formulas are shown below. This type of diet is used when a diet needs to be deficient in one or more amino acids, or adjustments need to be made to specific amino acid levels.
Sometimes this type of diet is used to further reduce the background level of certain vitamins that are found in protein sources such as casein or vitamin-free (alcohol extracted) casein. Some folic acid deficient diets utilize this approach.
The amino acid profile for most amino acid defined diets is based on work by Harper and Rogers (J. Nutr. (1965) 87:267-276) and is not representative of the amino acid profile of an intact protein source such as casein. Other amino acid profiles can be specified. When an amino acid(s) is removed or reduced, isonitrogenous adjustment can be made if required.
Please email us at askanutritionist@envigo.com for additional formulas of this nature or for more information about altering the amino acid profile of a diet.
The raw stock for our corncob bedding products is 100% corncob. No other components or additives are used. The 1/4″ (7097) and 1/8″ (7092) products are produced from only the woody-ring portion of the corn cob, and the pelleted corncob is produced from the pith and chaff (beeswing) portions.
As the raw stock corncobs are introduced to the plant, they pass through a hammermill that produces corncob fractions. The corncob fractions are then heat-dried. The drying process utilizes a rotary dryer systemthat heats the corncob fractions to approximately 200 degrees fahrenheit for two to three minutes. An aspiration process separates the woody-ring portion of the corncob from the pith and chaff portions. Smaller fractions/particles are produced by rollermill and hammermill processes. The particles are then sized and separated through a sifting process which utilizes screens conforming to U.S. standards. The particles pass through a final aspiration process to remove any remaining dust and aspiration process to remove any remaining dust and are then placed in overhead storage until packaged. The pith and chaff portions are processed through a pellet mill to produce the pelleted corncob product. Plant operating procedures require a minimum testing frequency of twice per shift for measuring moisture content and particle size distribution.
Listed below is information on average particle size and absorption rates.
7092 — 1/8″ corn cobs, 40 lbs.
7092A, Autoclavable — 1/8″, corn cobs, 40 lbs.
7902.25 Irradiated — 1/8″ corn cobs, 25 lb. cap sacks
7902,CS Irradiated — 1/8″ corn cobs, four by seven lbs./case
7097 — 1/4″ corn cobs, 40 lbs.
7097A Autoclavable — 1/4 ” corn cobs, 40 lbs.
7907.25 Irradiated — 1/4″ corn cobs, 25 lb. cap sacks
7907.CS Irradiated — 1/4″ corn cobs, four by seven lbs./case
Dietary methods to induce NAFLD/NASH in rodents can be split into two common categories:
diets fed for longer periods of time to induce obesity, metabolic syndrome, and mild NASH or
diets fed for short periods of time to induce hepatic features of severe NASH without inducing obesity or insulin resistance
This page provides further information on dietary methods to induce NAFLD/NASH. We’ve also prepared a downloadable NASH/NAFLD mini paper.
The tables below highlight diet options from both of the above categories. For more complete descriptions of NAFLD/NASH models see the drop down menus that follow the tables.
Diet options for inducing obesity, metabolic syndrome and mild NAFLD/NASH
Diets inducing obesity, metabolic syndrome and mild NAFLD/NASH
Western and Fast Food diets with milkfat and cholesterol
Western or fast food style diets fed to induce NASH with metabolic syndrome contain 40 – 45% kcal from milkfat (a fat source high in palmitate) with added cholesterol (0.15 – 2%) and are high in sucrose (>30%). Dietary palmitate and cholesterol have both previously been associated with the progression from simple steatosis to NASH.
These diets can induce obesity, metabolic syndrome, and simple steatosis within nine weeks of feeding. Increased hepatic inflammation has been observed after 12 weeks of feeding. NASH typically requires longer feeding with fibrosis developing within nine months and late stage fibrosis including hepatic ballooning occurring after 14 – 20 months of feeding. Increasing dietary sucrose (~41%) and cholesterol (~1.25%) accelerates the NASH phenotype with steatosis, inflammation and hepatocyte ballooning observed within 12 weeks. In addition to feeding a high fat diet, providing a glucose/fructose mixture in the drinking water may further promote NASH development.
Select References:
Charlton, M., et al., Fast food diet mouse: novel small animal model of NASH with ballooning, progressive fibrosis, and high physiological fidelity to the human condition. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol, 2011. 301(5): p. G825-34. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21836057
Gores, G., Charlton M, Krishnan A, Viker K, Sanderson S, Cazanave S, McConico A, Masuoko H. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol, 2015. 308: p. G159. ajpgi.physiology.org/content/308/2/G159
Li, Z.Z., et al., Hepatic lipid partitioning and liver damage in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: role of stearoyl-CoA desaturase. J Biol Chem, 2009. 284(9): p. 5637-44. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19119140
Ioannou, G.N., et al., Hepatic cholesterol crystals and crown-like structures distinguish NASH from simple steatosis. J Lipid Res, 2009. 54(5): p. 1326-34. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23417738
Alkhouri, N., et al., Adipocyte apoptosis, a link between obesity, insulin resistance, and hepatic steatosis. J Biol Chem, 2010. 285(5): p. 3428-38. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19940134
Dixon, L.J., et al., Caspase-1 as a central regulator of high fat diet-induced non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. PLoS One, 2013. 8(2): p. e56100. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23409132
DeLeve, L.D., et al., Prevention of hepatic fibrosis in a murine model of metabolic syndrome with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Am J Pathol, 2008. 173(4): p. 993-1001. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18772330
VanSaun, M.N., et al., High fat diet induced hepatic steatosis establishes a permissive microenvironment for colorectal metastases and promotes primary dysplasia in a murine model. Am J Pathol, 2009. 175(1): p. 355-64. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19541928
Asgharpour, A., et al., A diet-induced animal model of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and hepatocellular cancer. J Hepatol, 2016. 65(3): p. 579-88. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27261415
Tetri, L.H., et al., Severe NAFLD with hepatic necroinflammatory changes in mice fed trans fats and a high-fructose corn syrup equivalent. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol, 2008. 295(5): p. G987-95. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18772365
Tsuchida, T., et al., A simple diet-and chemical-induced murine NASH model with rapid progression of steatohepatitis, fibrosis and liver cancer. Journal of hepatology, 2018. 69(2):385-395. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29572095
The ALIOS model: western diet with trans-fat
The American Lifestyle-Induced Obesity Syndrome (ALIOS) model involves feeding the “American fast food” diet high in trans-fats and sugar. Dietary trans-fats from hydrogenated vegetable shortening (HVO) are associated with increased insulin resistance and hepatic inflammation in rodent NASH models. In addition to diet, a glucose/fructose solution is added to the drinking water and sedentary behavior promoted by removing the overhead cage feeders in this model.
The ALIOS model develops obesity with insulin resistance, elevated ALT levels, and steatosis within 16 weeks. Increased inflammation and early development of fibrosis have been observed at 6 months. Severe steatosis with fibrosis and inflammation develops within 12 months of feeding with 50% of the mice reportedly developing hepatic neoplasms. Adding cholesterol (0.2%) to the American Fast Food diet may accelerate NASH phenotype development.
Select References:
Koppe, S.W., et al., Trans fat feeding results in higher serum alanine aminotransferase and increased insulin resistance compared with a standard murine high-fat diet. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol, 2009. 297(2): p. G378-84. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19541924
Tetri, L.H., et al., Severe NAFLD with hepatic necroinflammatory changes in mice fed trans fats and a high-fructose corn syrup equivalent. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol, 2008. 295(5): p. G987-95. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18772365
Mells, J.E., et al., Glp-1 analog, liraglutide, ameliorates hepatic steatosis and cardiac hypertrophy in C57BL/6J mice fed a Western diet. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol, 2012. 302(2): p. G225-35. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22038829
Dowman, J.K, et al., Development of hepatocellular carcinoma in a murine model of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis induced by use of a high-fat/fructose diet and sedentary lifestyle. Am J Pathol, 2014. 184(5):1550-1561. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24650559
Mells, J.E., et al., Saturated fat and cholesterol are critical to inducing murine metabolic syndrome with robust nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. J Nutr Biochem, 2014. 26(3): p. 285-92. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25577467
FPC diet: fructose, palmitate, cholesterol and trans-fat diet
The Fructose, Palmitate, Cholesterol and Trans-Fat (FPC) diet is a recent NASH diet that includes Western and ALIOS model diets to achieve both metabolic and hepatic NASH features within an accelerated time frame. Key features of the FPC diet include 1) a lower Met content than typical rodent diets by decreasing total protein without supplementing sulfur amino acids; 2) choline supplementation is lower than typical but is not considered deficient; 3) high in sucrose (~34% by weight); 4) 1.25% cholesterol; 5) 52% kcal from fat with fat sources including milkfat fat, palmitic acid and hydrogenated vegetable shortening to provide trans-fats. Like the ALIOS model, the FPC model also provides a glucose/fructose solution to the drinking water.
Male C57BL/6J mice fed the FPC diet and provided a glucose/fructose drinking solution developed insulin resistance and NAFLD with inflammation, hepatocyte death, and fibrosis within 16 weeks.
Select References:
Wang, X., et al., Hepatocyte TAZ/WWTR1 promotes inflammation and fibrosis in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Cell Metab, 2016. 24(6): p. 848-62. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28068223
Zhu, C., et al., Hepatocyte Notch activation induces liver fibrosis in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Sci Transl Med, 2018. 10(468). www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30463916
High fat diets
Common diets to induce obesity (DIO) can be fed to induce uncomplicated NAFLD. These high fat diets typically contain 40–60% kcal from fat without supplemented cholesterol or cholate. Simple sugars such as sucrose or fructose can also be supplemented via diet or water to progress the fatty liver phenotype. Diets can be in pellet or powder/dough form depending on the formula. Some models require limited physical activity and in those cases diets can be fed inside the cage. For more information see our Diet Induced Obesity page.
In susceptible rodent models, high fat diets are commonly used to induce NAFLD with obesity and insulin resistance common metabolic features associated with NASH in humans. However, the degree of NASH pathology (steatosis, inflammation, and fibrosis) is limited or mild and varies depending on the animal model, length of feeding, and dietary components.
Diets to induce severe hepatic NAFLD/NASH without obesity or metabolic
Atherogenic diets high in fat, cholesterol, and cholate
Originally formulated to induce mild atherosclerosis in wild-type rodents, high fat diets containing added cholesterol (1 – 1.25%) and cholate (0.5% as sodium cholate or cholic acid) have also been useful in inducing NASH. This diet option includes purified “Western” style diets with increased cholesterol and cholate and also hybrid diets. Hybrid diets were originally developed by Beverly Paigen and colleagues by mixing a natural ingredient mouse diet in a 3:1 ratio with a concentrated purified diet (containing 5% cholesterol and 2% sodium cholate) resulting in a diet containing ~15.8% fat, 1.25% cholesterol, and 0.5% sodium cholate. Although a less refined approach, the hybrid diet is associated with increased gallstone formation and liver damage as compared to similar purified diets.
Atherogenic diets are able to induce varied degrees of NASH with increased hepatic inflammation with early fibrosis observed after ten weeks of feeding. However, the metabolic profile typical in human NASH (obesity with insulin resistance) is not recapitulated in this model with animals typically maintaining similar body weights as control fed groups without the development of metabolic syndrome.
Select References:
Nishina, P.M., J. Verstuyft, and B. Paigen, Synthetic low and high fat diets for the study of atherosclerosis in the mouse. J Lipid Res, 1990. 31(5): p. 859-69. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2380634
Kamari, Y., et al., Lack of interleukin-1alpha or interleukin-1beta inhibits transformation of steatosis to steatohepatitis and liver fibrosis in hypercholesterolemic mice. J Hepatol, 2011. 55(5): p. 1086-94. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21354232
Kim, D.G., et al., Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease induces signs of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) in wild-type mice and accelerates pathological signs of AD in an AD model. J Neuroinflammation, 2016. 13: p. 1. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26728181
Madrigal-Perez, V.M., et al., Preclinical analysis of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug usefulness for the simultaneous prevention of steatohepatitis, atherosclerosis and hyperlipidemia. Int J Clin Exp Med, 2015. 8(12): p. 22477-83. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26885230
Savransky, V., et al., Chronic intermittent hypoxia causes hepatitis in a mouse model of diet-induced fatty liver. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol, 2007. 293(4): p. G871-7. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17690174
Methionine/choline deficient (MCD) diets
Methionine and choline deficient (MCD) diets are amino acid defined rodent diets deficient in methionine and choline, high in sucrose (>40% by weight) with ~10% corn oil by weight. Methionine and choline deficiency decreases fat oxidation and export of fat from the liver. Dietary sucrose is necessary for hepatic lipid accumulation and oxidation. The polyunsaturated fat in corn oil promotes hepatic lipid oxidation.
Steatosis, increased serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), inflammation, and hepatic fat oxidation has been observed within three weeks of feeding the MCD diet with fibrosis development after six weeks. This dietary model does not produce metabolic syndrome (an aspect of NASH in human models) and progressive weight loss (up to 40%) is associated with the MCD diet feeding.
Select References:
Pickens, M.K., et al., Dietary sucrose is essential to the development of liver injury in the MCD model of steatohepatitis. J Lipid Res, 2009. 50(10):2072-82. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19295183
Li, Z.Z., et al., Hepatic lipid partitioning and liver damage in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: role of stearoyl-CoA desaturase. J Biol Chem, 2009. 284(9): p. 5637-44. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19119140
Lee, G.S., et al., Polyunsaturated fat in the methionine-choline-deficient diet influences hepatic inflammation but not hepatocellular injury. J Lipid Res, 2007. 48(8): p. 1885-96. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17526933
Vetelainen, R., A. van Vliet, and T.M. van Gulik, Essential pathogenic and metabolic differences in steatosis induced by choline or methione-choline deficient diets in a rat model. J Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2007. 22(9): p. 1526-33. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17716355
Leclercq, I.A., et al., Intrahepatic insulin resistance in a murine model of steatohepatitis: effect of PPARgamma agonist pioglitazone. Lab Invest, 2007. 87(1): p. 56-65. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17075577
Kashireddy, P.R. and M.S. Rao, Sex differences in choline-deficient diet-induced steatohepatitis in mice. Exp Biol Med (Maywood), 2004. 229(2): p. 158-62. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14734794
Dixon, L.J., et al., Caspase-1-mediated regulation of fibrogenesis in diet-induced steatohepatitis. Lab Invest, 2012. 92(5): p. 713-23. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22411067
Emerging NASH models
Dietary models of NAFLD/NASH continue to evolve with the goal of more accurately recapitulating both the metabolic and hepatic symptoms of human disease. Commonly researchers are studying the synergistic effects of various NASH dietary features to accelerate progression of the model and severity of liver disease.
A Teklad nutritionist can work with you to formulate new diets in order to investigate novel dietary models of NAFLD/NASH. Contact a nutritionist at askanutritionist@envigo.com for a diet consultation.
Control diets
The choice of control diet is dependent on the specific research goal. Many researchers choose to compare their NAFLD/NASH diet-fed animals to animals fed a natural ingredient, grain-based diet (also referred to as standard diet or chow). These diets differ in the source and level of nutrients as well as in the presence of non-nutritive factors (such as phytates or phytoestrogens).
Depending on what your main comparisons are, it may be suitable to have a grain-based diet as your control/reference group. However, making such comparisons limits inferences to dietary patterns versus a specific dietary component. In some cases, such as those studies feeding amino acid defined diets like the MCD model, a matched control diet is recommended given the very different formulations and protein sources of grain-based diets.
When making inferences about specific nutrients within the diet an ingredient matched, low fat control diet may be necessary. There are many options with different levels and types of fat in addition to different types of carbohydrate ranging from sucrose (highly refined and digestible) to corn starch (refined, but more complex) to resistant starch (refined, but not fully digestible).
A very basic purified control diet would be AIN-93M TD.94048 or AIN-93G TD.94045 . AIN-93 diets have a moderate amount of sucrose at ~10% with fat from soybean oil providing a healthy fatty acid profile. Learn more about AIN diet formulas.
Contact a nutritionist for an additional information and control diet recommendations.
Need more information? A Teklad nutritionist will work with you to determine if existing diets will meet your needs or formulate new diets to help you investigate novel dietary models of NAFLD/NASH. Contact us for a diet consultation.
There are numerous possibilities in adjusting both the level and source of fat in a diet. If your primary interest is inducing atherosclerosis or obesity, additional information can be found on our Teklad atherogenic and diet induced obesity (DIO) diet pages. Depending on your research goals and level of desired fat supplementation, fats can be added to a standard natural ingredient diet or a purified diet.
Purified ingredients are refined to the point of chemical simplicity and allow for extreme fat levels such as no fat diet TD.03314 or very high fat ketogenic diet TD.96355 . Unless adjustments are made to the level of fiber, diets with high fat levels will have a greater caloric density since fat contains 9 kcal/g versus 4 kcal/g for carbohydrate or protein. Animals are good at regulating caloric intake, therefore it is common to adjust other nutrients (vitamins, minerals, protein) relative to energy content to account for differences in feed intake.
Specific fats can be utilized as in this essential fatty acid deficient diet TD.84224 or to provide high levels of omega-3 polyunsaturated fat from flaxseed or fish oil. Normally, 1-2% fat from plant sources like corn or soybean oil will supply sufficient levels of essential fatty acids. Additional fat provides energy and can influence palatability due to effects on taste and texture of the diet.
Mixtures of fats can be used to mimic a Western or Mediterranean diet fatty acid profile. Contact us for a table comparing the fatty acid composition of several stocked fat sources (solid fats, oils).
We also commonly work with customer supplied oils and purified fatty acids such as DHA and EPA. If you prefer to mix fat sources in your lab, ask about a basal mix. Basal mixes are supplied in powder form and often allow you to use one diet mix for creating several different diets.
If fat stability is a concern, contact a nutritionist to discuss options for diet drying, vacuum packaging, and synthetic antioxidant supplementation.
The most common custom rabbit diets are those with a standard diet base and added cholesterol. Typically, the added cholesterol ranges from 0.25% to two percent. Additional fat can also be a feature of these formulas. To preserve pellet quality we recommend no more than six percent additional fat. Added fat is most often supplied as peanut oil, corn oil, coconut oil, or a combination. We recommend the Teklad base diets 2030 or 2031.
Rabbits do not readily consume purified diet. When specific nutrient manipulations are necessary, hybrid diets or at least some alfalfa meal inclusion is recommended. Contact us for formula examples or to discuss your specific needs.
Most often, customized diets for swine feature natural ingredients with added fat and cholesterol. Here are three variations on this theme:
TD.93296 Swine diet (15% lard, two perecent cholesterol)
We recommend these diets in meal/powder form, as pellets are not very durable. Other natural ingredient and purified diets with various nutrient manipulations are available. Contact us for further information.
The most common custom Guinea pig diets are those with a standard diet base (such as Teklad 2040 or 2041) and added cholesterol.
Guinea pigs do not readily consume purified diets, so when specific nutrient manipulations are necessary, hybrid diets (mixture of refined and natural ingredients) are recommended. At the very least it is advisable to retain some alfalfa meal in the diet. Contact us for further information.
Most times, diets that are developed for mice and rats are suitable for hamsters and gerbils, and vice versa. We may advise increasing specific nutrients in a purified diet for hamsters and gerbils. Contact us for further information.
Depending on the focus of your research, customized diet for non-human primates can contain natural ingredients, refined ingredients, or a mixture of both. Custom diets for primates often feature adjustments in fat type, fat level, and cholesterol. Contact us for further information.
Envigo is continuously monitoring, preparing and updating its guidance to customers as we approach the key dates of the Article 50 separation of the United Kingdom from the European Union (aka “Brexit”). Envigo established a Brexit task force consisting of senior leadership from key areas of our business to ensure ongoing business continuity for both Envigo and its customers.
This task force continues to meet regularly in order to prepare and implement business process plans and resourcing to anticipate and minimize the impact of Brexit on our business. The following FAQs have been prepared as current guidance and is continually updated as the position between the British Government and the EU develops.
Brexit is a priority for Envigo and if you have any concern, please contact us at brexit@envigo.com.
Will there be tariffs applied to animal costs under WTO?
Laboratory animals currently have no tax added for movement in to the EU and across the EU, this position will remain the same under WTO
Prices for 2021 are being reviewed as normal and will be confirmed in due course.
Will there be changes in documentation needed for movements of animals in or out of the UK?
Import to UK Changes: Envigo’s current understanding is that there will be limited change in terms of documentation required.
DEFRA have now confirmed that no additional vet checks on arrival will be required
Also customers can use the AHPA License for the import into the UK of live rodents or lagomorphs for research. Our Customer Services team are talking to the relevant customers and can advise any new customers as required
Our Customer Services team is working directly with customers to make the necessary changes to Incoterms
Export from UK Changes: Envigo understands that the export documentation will need to be agreed with the EU and may require an additional licence per shipment. This may take an additional time to secure plus an additional vet check may be required prior to shipment. We are working with EU groups to clarify this position and will update customers once a firm position is confirmed.
Documentation: Exact documentation requirements are to be clarified, please contact your customer services representative if you have immediate concerns.
Will there be any other impact on the movement of animals in and out of the UK?
The main impact we currently predict is additional delays in shipments due to:
Export license requests may add time to the process from PO to shipment for small animals being shipped from the UK to the EU. Vet checks might be required at Border Inspection Posts at the airport of arrival.
Additional CITES might be required and thus may add additional time for shipments of animals requiring to travel under CITES from the EU to the UK.
Will there be tariffs on any other goods imported in and out of the UK under WTO?
Under WTO terms the Envigo team have assessed that there will be additional tariffs on certain goods including our Teklad diet shipments into the UK. Additional costs are being assessed and any cost impact to clients will be conveyed to customers via our commercial sales team as soon as possible.
Has Envigo ensured that its supply chain for its Operations are ready for the change on 1st Jan?
Envigo’s Procurement team continues to work with it’s key suppliers in the UK to ensure that supply chains are secure for the post Brexit period. The team are encouraging suppliers to ensure that they have sufficient stock to cover any transition period at the beginning of January.
What will the impact be on the movement of biological products (UK to customer EU and EU to UK)?
We are working with the governmental authorities in the relevant countries together with our international couriers to determine labelling / commercial invoice / payment of VAT / export license & vet check requirements. We will update all parties once further clarity is obtained. We are sure that this will be determined to ensure continuity of these services as we transition to the post Brexit position.
Does Envigo think movement of animals in and out of the UK will have the changes in place ready for 1st Jan?
Envigo recommends that its clients do not request animals deliveries in or out of the UK during the first two weeks of January in order to ensure that all changes at borders and documentation are in place. If there is a requirement for a shipment early in January we would request that you contact your customer services representative as early as possible in December order that the necessary plans can be put in place.
Are there any specific concerns in relation to shipments to Ireland?
The changes in movement of goods from UK to both Northern and Southern Ireland is still unknown – further clarification will be provided when we have more information.
Talent
What proportion of Envigo’s UK employees are EU nationals?
Less than 6% of Envigo’s UK employees are EU nationals. We have worked with all of these employees to ensure they have the relevant rights to live / work in the UK or EU as appropriate
What is Envigo’s expectation of the impact of immigration challenges to staffing your UK-based operation?
This is not expected to have significant impact as Envigo has separate distribution centres in both the UK and EU to enable us to continue to operate under the most favourable trading environment for our customers regardless of trading arrangements between the UK and the EU, or between the UK, EU and the rest of the world. We are committed to recruiting and retaining the best people and to pursue our mission to be the best company to work with and the best company to work for.
Financial
What will be the impact on Envigo’s finances?
Envigo is financially stable and resilient: Though there might be minor changes arising from the Brexit transition, we believe that there will not be any significant adverse impact to the business and we will continue to invest in world-class operations and innovation post Brexit.
Impact of exchange rate movements on costs, profitability and competitive position
Exchange rate movements are an inevitable fact of the business environment and occur because of numerous factors including, inflation, government fiscal policy, real gross domestic product GDP and expectations around future economic performance and the impact of speculative currency investment. In this regard, they are not deemed to be solely a Brexit specific issue. Exchange rate risk is mitigated by Envigo due it being an international business, which has regional operational centres in proximity to the customer base incurring costs in the same currency of sale.
Data Protection/GDPR
What is will be the status of the General Data Protection Regulation (2016/679) (GDPR) after the transition period.
The UK is committed to maintaining the high standards of the GDPR and the government plans to incorporate it via the European Union (Withdrawal) Act 2018 into UK law alongside the Data Protection Act 2018, at the end of the transition period.
What safeguards will be in place for 1. UK to EEA Personal Data flows; 2. EEA to UK Personal Data flows; and, 3. UK sharing data outside the EEA after the transition period?
The UK government has stated that transfers of Personal Data to the EEA will not be restricted and that no additional steps are necessary at this time.
The European Commission is presently deliberating on an adequacy decision under Article 45(3) of the GDPR which would enable the transfer of personal data from EEA states to the UK without requiring any further safeguards. Pending such an adequacy decision or in the absence thereof, Envigo is putting in place approved safeguards in the form of standard contractual clauses.
Rules for sharing data with countries outside the EEA will remain similar.The UK government has confirmed that there will be transitional provisions to recognise existing EU adequacy decisions and EU-approved transfers safeguards.
Other
What Brexit scenario is Envigo planning for?
At this stage Envigo is planning for a “no-deal” scenario and have put the necessary actions in place to manage its business on this basis
Has Envigo undertaken an internal assessment of what impact Brexit will have on customer’s business operations?
Yes, Envigo continues to assess the potential impact of Brexit on both our customers and suppliers. In response to Brexit we have:
Our internal task force is continuously assessing the overall business risks
Developing a range of contingency plans to mitigate the effects
Envigo are taking a leading role and working with various industry associations. ABPI, BIA, EARA, and UK government departments (e.g. DEFRA, Home office, Her Majesty’s Revenue and Customs (HMRC)). At this stage there are still uncertainties on specific issues e.g. CITES and as such there are still risks that we continue to try and mitigate against. As a result, we would recommend that cross border shipment in the first two weeks of January be avoided.
Have you developed a plan to mitigate the Brexit risks you have identified?
Yes, and are already initiating action and contingency plans to address potential impacts on our business based upon our current understanding.
Does Envigo review and adjust plans based on Brexit negotiations and wider external events?
Yes, our internal task force is continuously assessing the overall business risks, to ensure the plans are both relevant and appropriate to the current political situation.
Whom may we contact to follow up on the responses to Brexit mitigation plans?
An e-mail address has been established: brexit@envigo.com. This is available for use to allow any specific follow up questions to be raised that you might have in relation to Envigo’s Brexit mitigation plans.
Glossary
ABPI
Association of British Pharmaceutical Industry
BIA
Bioindustry Association
CLP
Classification, Labelling and Packaging
CITES
Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (also known as the Washington Convention)
DEFRA
Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs
DPB
Data Protection Bill
EARA
European Animal Research Association
EU27
European Union (the 27 European Union countries involved in Brexit negotiations)
Working with Envigo, you are only a mouse click away from accessing the data for your projects. Customers have access to the same systems that Envigo uses to provide the services you require. As the system is updated by Envigo, customers have real time access to the same information. Generate a report or analyze your study data through a secure technology platform.
Login is associated with the location of your colonies.
Envigo LabTracks™ provides access to the same system used to manage your colony within our facilities. Access the system to view your projects, request a task or generate an update report.
Envigo respects your privacy and is committed to protecting your personal data. This privacy notice will inform you what personal information we may collect about you when you interact with Envigo and its group of companies (“Envigo,” “we,” “us,” and “our,”), how we look after your personal data and tell you about your privacy rights and how the law protects you.
It is important that you read this Privacy Policy together with any other privacy notice or fair processing notice we may provide on specific occasions when we are collecting or processing personal data about you so that you are fully aware of how and why we are using your data.
This privacy notice supplements the other notices and is not intended to override them. We may change this Privacy Policy from time to time.
This website is not intended for children and we do not knowingly collect data relating to children.
Third-party links
This website may include links to third-party websites, plug-ins and applications. Clicking on those links or enabling those connections may allow third parties to collect or share data about you. We do not control these third-party websites and are not responsible for their privacy statements. When you leave our website, we encourage you to read the privacy notice of every website you visit.
1. The data we collect about you
Personal data, or personal information, means any information about an individual from which that person can be identified. It does not include data where the identity has been removed (anonymous data).
We may collect, use, store and transfer different kinds of personal data about you which we have grouped together follows:
Identity Data includes first name, last name, username or similar identifier, title, date of birth and gender.
Contact Data includes, email address and telephone numbers, job title, IP Address, employer.
Technical Data includes internet protocol (IP) address, your login data, browser type and version, time zone setting and location, browser plug-in types and versions, operating system and platform and other technology on the devices you use to access this website.
Profile Data includes your username, areas of research, areas of interest, preferences, feedback and survey responses, role in purchasing
Usage Data includes information about how you use our website.
Marketing and Communications Data includes your preferences in receiving marketing from us and our third parties and your communication preferences.
We also collect, use and share Aggregated Data such as statistical or demographic data for any purpose. Aggregated Data may be derived from your personal data but is not considered personal data in law as this data does not directly or indirectly reveal your identity. For example, we may aggregate your Usage Data to calculate the percentage of users accessing a specific website feature. However, if we combine or connect Aggregated Data with your personal data so that it can directly or indirectly identify you, we treat the combined data as personal data which will be used in accordance with this Privacy Policy.
If you fail to provide personal data
Where we need to collect personal data by law, or under the terms of a contract we have with you and you fail to provide that data when requested, we may not be able to perform the contract we have or are trying to enter into with you (for example, to provide you with goods or services). In this case, we may have to cancel a product or service you have with us but we will notify you if this is the case at the time.
2. How is your personal data collected?
We use different methods to collect data from and about you including through:
Direct interactions. You may give us your Identity and Contact by filling in forms or by corresponding with us by post, phone, email, website, digital platforms or otherwise. This includes personal data you provide when you:
apply for our products or services;
subscribe to our service or publications;
request access to or be sent marketing content
enter a competition, promotion, survey or register for an event; or
give us some feedback.
Automated technologies or interactions. As you interact with our website, we may automatically collect Technical Data about your equipment, browsing actions and patterns. We collect this personal data by using cookies, server logs and other similar technologies. We may also receive Technical Data about you if you visit other websites employing our cookies. Please see our cookie statement for further details.
Third parties or publicly available sources. We may receive personal data about you from various third parties and public sources as set out below:
Technical Data from the following parties: (a) analytics providers such as Google based outside the EU, (b) advertising networks, (c) search information providers.
Identity and Contact Data from publicly availably sources such as relevant Company Registers.
3. How we use your personal data
We will only use your personal data when the law allows us to. Most commonly, we will use your personal data in the following circumstances:
Where we need to perform the contract we are about to enter into or have entered into with you.
Where it is necessary for our legitimate interests (or those of a third party) and your interests and fundamental rights do not override those interests.
Where we need to comply with a legal or regulatory obligation.
Where it is necessary to protect the vital interests of the individual or another person.
Generally we do not rely on consent as a legal basis for processing your personal data other than in relation to sending direct marketing communications. You have the right to withdraw consent to marketing at any time by visiting our contact preference center or by contacting us directly. A link to our contact preference center is available in all email communications.
Purposes for which we will use your personal data
We have set out below, in a table format, a description of all the ways we plan to use your personal data, and which of the legal bases we rely on to do so. We have also identified what our legitimate interests are where appropriate.
Note that we may process your personal data for more than one lawful ground depending on the specific purpose for which we are using your data. Please contact us if you need details about the specific legal ground we are relying on to process your personal data where more than one ground has been set out in the table below.
Purpose/Activity
Type of data
Lawful basis for processing including basis of legitimate interest
To register you as a new customer
(a) Identity (b) Contact
Performance of a contract
To manage our relationship with you which will include: (a) Notifying you about changes to our terms or Privacy Policy (b) Asking you to leave a review or take a survey.
(a) Identity (b) Contact (c) Profile (d) Marketing and Communications
(a) Performance of a contract with you (b) Necessary to comply with a legal obligation (c) Necessary for our legitimate interests (to keep our records updated and to study how customers use our products/services)
To enable you to complete a survey, sign up for an event, subscribe for information or updates.
(a) Performance of a contract with you (b) Necessary for our legitimate interests (to study how customers use our products/services, to develop them and grow our business)
To administer and protect our business and this website (including troubleshooting, data analysis, testing, system maintenance, support, reporting and hosting of data)
(a) Identity (b) Contact (c) Technical
(a) Necessary for our legitimate interests (for running our business, provision of administration and IT services, network security, to prevent fraud and in the context of a business reorganisation or group restructuring exercise) (b) Necessary to comply with a legal obligation
To deliver relevant website content, general marketing and messaging to you and measure or understand the effectiveness of the advertising we serve to you
Necessary for our legitimate interests (to study how customers use our products/services, to develop them, to grow our business and to inform and measure our marketing strategy)
To use data analytics to improve our website, products/services, marketing, customer relationships and experiences
(a) Technical (b) Usage
Necessary for our legitimate interests (to define types of customers for our products and services, to keep our website updated and relevant, to develop our business and to inform our marketing strategy)
To make suggestions and recommendations to you about goods or services that may be of interest to you
Necessary for our legitimate interests (to develop our products/services and grow our business)
Marketing
We strive to provide you with choices regarding certain personal data uses, particularly around marketing and advertising, via the contact preference center, available in all email communications, or by contacting us at any time.
Promotional offers from us
We may use your Identity, Contact, Technical, Usage and Profile Data to form a view on what we think you may want or need, or what may be of interest to you. This is how we decide which products, services and offers may be relevant for you.
You will receive marketing communications from us if you have requested information from us or purchased goods or services from us or if you provided us with your details when you entered a competition, registered for a promotion or for an event and, in each case, you have not opted out of receiving that marketing.
Third-party marketing
We will get your express opt-in consent before we share your personal data with any company outside the Envigo group of companies for marketing purposes.
Opting out
You can ask us to stop sending you marketing messages at any time via the contact preference center, available in all email communications, or by contacting us at any time.
Where you opt out of receiving these marketing messages, this will not apply to personal data provided to us as a result of a product/service purchase, product/service experience or other transactions.
Cookies
You can set your browser to refuse all, or to alert you when websites set or access cookies. If you disable or refuse cookies, please note that some parts of this website may become inaccessible or not function properly. For more information about the cookies we use, please see our cookie statement.
Change of purpose
We will only use your personal data for the purposes for which we collected it, unless we reasonably consider that we need to use it for another reason and that reason is compatible with the original purpose. If we need to use your personal data for an unrelated purpose, we will notify you and we will explain the legal basis which allows us to do so.
Please note that we may process your personal data without your knowledge or consent, in compliance with the above rules, where this is required or permitted by law.
4. Disclosures of your personal data
We may have to share your personal data with the parties set out below for the purposes set out in the table in paragraph 3 above.
Internal Third Parties as set out in the Glossary below.
External Third Parties as set out in the Glossary below.
Third parties to whom we may choose to sell, transfer, or merge parts of our business or our assets. Alternatively, we may seek to acquire other businesses or merge with them. If a change happens to our business, then the new owners may use your personal data in the same way as set out in this privacy notice.
We require all third parties to respect the security of your personal data and to treat it in accordance with the law. We do not allow our third-party service providers to use your personal data for their own purposes and only permit them to process your personal data for specified purposes and in accordance with our instructions.
5. International transfers
We share your personal data within the Envigo Group. This will involve transferring your data outside the European Economic Area (EEA).
Some of our external third parties are based outside the European Economic Area (EEA) so their processing of your personal data will involve a transfer of data outside the EEA.
Whenever we transfer your personal data out of the EEA, we ensure a similar degree of protection is afforded to it by ensuring at least one of the following safeguards is implemented.
We will only transfer your personal data to countries that have been deemed to provide an adequate level of protection for personal data by the European Commission.
Where we use certain service providers, we may use specific contracts approved by the European Commission which give personal data the same protection it has in Europe.
Where we use providers based in the US, we may transfer data to them if they are part of the Privacy Shield (to the extent that it continues to provide adequate safeguards) which requires them to provide similar protection to personal data shared between the Europe and the US. For further details, see European Commission: EU-US Privacy Shield.
6. Data security
We have put in place appropriate security measures to prevent your personal data from being accidentally lost, used or accessed in an unauthorized way, altered or disclosed. In addition, we limit access to your personal data to those employees, agents, contractors and other third parties who have a business need to know. They will only process your personal data on our instructions and they are subject to a duty of confidentiality.
We have put in place procedures to deal with any suspected personal data breach and will notify you and any applicable regulator of a breach where we are legally required to do so.
7. Data retention
How long will you use my personal data for?
We will only retain your personal data for as long as necessary to fulfil the purposes we collected it for, including for the purposes of satisfying any legal, accounting, or reporting requirements.
To determine the appropriate retention period for personal data, we consider the amount, nature, and sensitivity of the personal data, the potential risk of harm from unauthorised use or disclosure of your personal data, the purposes for which we process your personal data and whether we can achieve those purposes through other means, and the applicable legal requirements.
In some circumstances you can ask us to delete your data: see Request erasure below for further information.
In some circumstances we may anonymise your personal data (so that it can no longer be associated with you) for research or statistical purposes in which case we may use this information indefinitely without further notice to you.
8. Your legal rights
Under certain circumstances, you have rights under data protection laws in relation to your personal data. You may be entitled to:
Request access to your personal data.
Request correction of your personal data.
Request erasure of your personal data.
Object to processing of your personal data.
Request restriction of processing your personal data.
Request transfer of your personal data.
Right to withdraw consent.
You also have the right to complain to your local data protection authority if your privacy rights are violated, or if you have suffered as a result of unlawful processing of your personal information. We would however welcome the opportunity to resolve any issue that you have.
If you wish to exercise any of the rights set out above, please contact us.
No fee usually required
You will not have to pay a fee to access your personal data (or to exercise any of the other rights). However, we may charge a reasonable fee if your request is clearly unfounded, repetitive or excessive. Alternatively, we may refuse to comply with your request in these circumstances.
What we may need from you
We may need to request specific information from you to help us confirm your identity and ensure your right to access your personal data (or to exercise any of your other rights). This is a security measure to ensure that personal data is not disclosed to any person who has no right to receive it. We may also contact you to ask you for further information in relation to your request to speed up our response.
Time limit to respond
We try to respond to all legitimate requests within one month. Occasionally it may take us longer than a month if your request is particularly complex or you have made a number of requests. In this case, we will notify you and keep you updated.
9. Glossary
LAWFUL BASIS
Legitimate Interest means the interest of our business in conducting and managing our business to enable us to give you the best service/product and the best and most secure experience. We make sure we consider and balance any potential impact on you (both positive and negative) and your rights before we process your personal data for our legitimate interests. We do not use your personal data for activities where our interests are overridden by the impact on you (unless we have your consent or are otherwise required or permitted to by law). You can obtain further information about how we assess our legitimate interests against any potential impact on you in respect of specific activities by contacting us.
Performance of Contract means processing your data where it is necessary for the performance of a contract to which you are a party or to take steps at your request before entering into such a contract.
Comply with a legal or regulatory obligation means processing your personal data where it is necessary for compliance with a legal or regulatory obligation that we are subject to.
THIRD PARTIES
Internal Third Parties
Other companies in the Envigo Group acting as joint controllers or processors and who are based in the USA, Europe and ROW and provide products and services and IT and system administration services and undertake leadership reporting.
External Third Parties
Service providers acting as processors who provide IT and system administration services.
Professional advisers acting as processors or joint controllers including lawyers, bankers, auditors and insurers who provide consultancy, banking, legal, insurance and accounting services.
HM Revenue & Customs, regulators and other authorities acting as processors or joint controllers who require reporting of processing activities in certain circumstances.
YOUR LEGAL RIGHTS
You have the right to:
Request access to your personal data (commonly known as a “data subject access request”). This enables you to receive a copy of the personal data we hold about you and to check that we are lawfully processing it.
Request correction of the personal data that we hold about you. This enables you to have any incomplete or inaccurate data we hold about you corrected, though we may need to verify the accuracy of the new data you provide to us.
Request erasure of your personal data. This enables you to ask us to delete or remove personal data where there is no good reason for us continuing to process it. You also have the right to ask us to delete or remove your personal data where you have successfully exercised your right to object to processing (see below), where we may have processed your information unlawfully or where we are required to erase your personal data to comply with local law. Note, however, that we may not always be able to comply with your request of erasure for specific legal reasons which will be notified to you, if applicable, at the time of your request.
Object to processing of your personal data where we are relying on a legitimate interest (or those of a third party) and there is something about your particular situation which makes you want to object to processing on this ground as you feel it impacts on your fundamental rights and freedoms. You also have the right to object where we are processing your personal data for direct marketing purposes. In some cases, we may demonstrate that we have compelling legitimate grounds to process your information which override your rights and freedoms.
Request restriction of processing of your personal data. This enables you to ask us to suspend the processing of your personal data in the following scenarios: (a) if you want us to establish the data’s accuracy; (b) where our use of the data is unlawful but you do not want us to erase it; (c) where you need us to hold the data even if we no longer require it as you need it to establish, exercise or defend legal claims; or (d) you have objected to our use of your data but we need to verify whether we have overriding legitimate grounds to use it.
Request the transfer of your personal data to you or to a third party. We will provide to you, or a third party you have chosen, your personal data in a structured, commonly used, machine-readable format. Note that this right only applies to automated information which you initially provided consent for us to use or where we used the information to perform a contract with you.
Withdraw consent at any time where we are relying on consent to process your personal data. However, this will not affect the lawfulness of any processing carried out before you withdraw your consent. If you withdraw your consent, we may not be able to provide certain products or services to you. We will advise you if this is the case at the time you withdraw your consent.
When your experiments require the addition or application of certain compounds to your animal research subject, you can consider adding your medications or compounds to your animal’s diet. Envigo has experience customizing diets for all types of research needs, and that includes introducing additives as a convenient way to medicate lab animals. Simply turn to one of our expert staff nutritionists to determine whether it is a viable option.
Medications or compounds supplied by your investigator are referred to as “customer supplied ingredients” or “customer reserves,” and they can be added to most diets. Generally, if the stability or activity of the compound is not compromised during manufacture or further processing such as irradiation, adding an ingredient can be a smart option for simplifying your feeding and medicating schedules. Also, the inclusion rate of any given compound is adjusted to suit your needs, and can be determined in consultation with our expert nutritional staff.
Please use the customer supplied ingredients submission form if you require the addition or application of certain compounds to your animal research subject.
When adding a compound to a diet, we will work with you to be sure that it is appropriate for our diet formulation procedures and can be done safely.
We require a safety data sheet or other relevant safety and usage information
We have an obligation to maintain a safe work environment. This typically applies to drugs, experimental compounds and chemicals
Food products generally will not require safety information, although information about nutrient content, reason for use, etc. is helpful in the design of diets
Water is added as a pelleting aid. Pellets are formed under pressure but no external heat is applied
Sometimes the drying process can be modified if heat stability is questioned
It is your responsibility to determine the suitability of the compound for inclusion into a pelleted diet
If you require irradiation, we can customize most diets to be suitable for this sterilization process
Once your diet has been produced, we can send it for irradiation. The dose ranges from 20-50 kGy. Diets that are to be irradiated require an additional two weeks for shipment (four weeks total)
For diets that are to be irradiated, vacuum packaging may be beneficial. Both irradiation and vacuum packaging must be requested when ordering
We defer to you to determine the suitability of the compound for irradiation
Inform us on a g/kg diet or percentage basis, how much of the compound you want in the diet
If you need to calculate a dose based on animal body weight, we can help convert that to g/kg diet
Depending on the choice of base diet and the nature of the added ingredient(s), more than a ten percent dilution is generally not advisable
To limit differences between the control and experimental diets you may want to consider using a control diet that uses similar ingredients and has gone through the same production process
Send extra compound (approximately enough for one more kg than you have ordered) so that we can yield the desired amount of diet
If we have not received enough compound, we will use the entire amount and make as much diet as possible, unless special arrangements can be made
If you plan to use the compound more than once and stability with storage is not an issue, we can maintain an inventory for you and store it appropriately, per your instructions
Unless otherwise instructed, we will return any remaining compound with your shipment, but we do not dispose of the compound
If you would like your compound retained for future use, please supply us with a retention document
Isoflavones, a type of phytoestrogen, are found in soy protein. Most traditional standard diets have soybean meal as a major ingredient, and therefore are a significant source of isoflavones. Please refer toFAQsection for more information about phytoestrogens.
In contrast, casein-based purified diets such as AIN-76A, AIN-93G, AIN-93M, and formulas with similar ingredients, are essentially free of isoflavones. This type of diet is sometimes used for research that requires a minimal isoflavone background. This type of diet can be used as the background to which isoflavones such as genistein (supplied by the customer) can be added.
An alternative to a purified, casein-based diet is a natural ingredient diet from our global rodent diet line. Several diets in this line contain minimal isoflavone/phytoestrogen levels and are commonly used for research that requires a minimal isoflavone/phytoestrogen background. This type of diet can also be used as the background to which isoflavones such as genistein (supplied by the customer) can be added.
